Hearsay, Lies and 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples

Hearsay, Lies and 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples The Upside to 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples The small note at the conclusion of the prompt about avoiding plot summary is quite important. Prompt consists of an article that you've got to synthesize. Life, Death, and 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples At the close of the calendar year, it's your choice to be sure you understand everything to produce a 5 on the AP exam. Before you learn to study for the particular portions of the AP Language exam, it's time to learn to study for AP courses generally speaking. AP instructors are given a score sheet showing the individual score for every one of their students, along with some score info and national averages. Congratulations on your urge to take AP courses and tests to help you enter a college of your selection. The results page provides you with feedback that may help you produce your very own one of a kind AP English study guide, and also contains each one of the helpful metrics you receive from the normal practice tests. Besides the free College Board resources, in addition, there are several places online where you're able to acquire free, unofficial practice tests. In case you have access to multiple practice tests, it's possible to even take complete tests at distinct times in the studying procedure to observe how you've improved and what you still must work on. Definitely use this test! The 30-Second Trick for 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples In addition, by arguing for the other side of your opinion, you are going to learn which points you want to better address in your essay. Each ought to be guided by means of a topic sentence that's a relevant portion of the introductory thesis statement. When you compose the essay, you will have to choose a single sid e to concentrate on. Argue Both Sides in case you have to compose a longer or more complicated essay, it may help to outline either side of the argument before you begin writing. This is really going to help when you're made to formulate several arguments for various essays in a limited quantity of time. Instead, you wish to analyze the essay and make sure that your claim is supported. The source material used has to be cited in the essay as a way to be considered legitimate. The Appeal of 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples From here, the psychologist will bring in a theory or hypothesis with respect to their observations. Measuring a child's progress by means of a reading program is extremely simple given the structured nature of all of these schemes, similarly an exceptional education teacher may measure a youngster's improving attention span by recording the time the kid will stay on a particular task with time. Prove that you're in touch by means of your society and the world around you. An iamb is a sort of metrical foot in poetry. Though the writer's ideas are normally understandable, the constraint of language is often immature . The prompt may request that you talk about the rhetoric devices utilized in a passage. This procedure for acting in the manner of a reporter gives you valuable quotes, resources and vocabulary to start the writing process. Want to Know More About 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples? Hood College provides a number of support services to aid students in their transition into the college atmosphere. Throughout the calendar year, students are provided with an assortment of services to help foster a more inclusive community. If you anticipate procrastinating and not doing what is asked by your AP teachers, be ready for a rude awakening at the start of the school year in the shape of a lousy project grade. For instance, Math teachers may wish to think about increasing the proportion of students that are in a position to fulfill the expectations for basic algebraic principles. The Downside Risk of 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples It is advis ed to look for the one which has a fantastic reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable rates. They have sites that offer direct contacts between writers and customers and permit them to discuss details and get the very best result. If you wish to track your scores, you can earn a totally free account with Varsity Tutors, but it's not essential in order to access the quizzes.

The Success Of A College Student - 898 Words

President Obama was once quoted saying, â€Å"By the end of this decade two in three job openings will require some higher education. Two in three. And yet, we still live in a country where too many Americans are priced out of the education they need.† which is a pretty depressing statement to hear from our commander in chief regarding the future of the people. America is known for being the land of opportunity where typically the favored goal of the people is acquiring wealth for a better lifestyle and future. Growing up as a kid I was always told by my teachers and parents that higher education after high school is extremely necessary; this same expectation goes for the whole country as there is clearly emphasis on getting a college degree in order to be successful. Although college may not be for everyone, there are those who would really like to gain acceptance to an institution, but cannot because they do not have the money to do so. The rise in cost to be a college stud ent has become too expensive for a country that encourages, and emphasizes higher education. Tuition and fees, loans, and extra expenses become a big price to pay for wanting to play the proper role in society as a student looking for a better future. Today’s college students have to deal with a huge financial decision at a very young age that leads to frustration and confusion which is caused by the inflating prices of college tuition. As decades have passed, it is clear that the cost of collegeShow MoreRelatedCollege Student Retention And Success1423 Words   |  6 PagesAmber Caplan 01/28/16 College Student Retention and Success Part 1: Identify the student retention and success initiative The Achieving The Dream Initiative Many institutions face challenges retaining and graduating community college students. Students, faculty, staff, and administrators need work together to find ways to help these students succeed. 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Thus I have improved in many ways than one in the many skills and strategies needed as a college studentRead MoreShould College Success Be A Good College Student?925 Words   |  4 Pages People often assume that if you are a college attendee, your life s a piece of cake, but what they do not realize is that there is more to being a college student than just staying out and partying all night and all day or even sleeping in the mornings. To be a good college student, you need make sure you attend every class, turning in your assignments, and have time management skills. All these things are very important and I am going to explain detailedly why. To my belief, attendance is oneRead MoreAchieving Academic Success For College Students912 Words   |  4 Pages While college is certainly a time to have fun, make new friends, and learn about ourselves, students like myself should never forget the real reason for attending a higher educational institution. Everyone, including myself knows that education is the knowledge of putting potential the maximum use. Throughout the semester I have been given various assignments and objectives to comprehend making and this makes it challenging. At Miami Dade College, the professors offer a variety of ways that canRead MoreAcademic Success Videos : Sleep And The College Student967 Words   |  4 PagesAcademic Success Videos: Sleep and the College Student. Academic Success Videos: Sleep and the College Student. Dartmouth University, 22 July 2011. Web. 24 Feb. 2016. . This source was produced by The Media Production Group at Dartmouth and Dr. Carl P. Thum, Director of the Dartmouth Academic Skills Center. Carl Thum himself works with students at Dartmouth University in which he provides coaching for students suffering from ADD and also leads various workshops, mini-courses, and coaching sessionsRead MoreStudent Success Course Takers Perceptions Of College Student Effectiveness Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Internet Use and Academic Success in University Students†, by Torres-Dà ­az, Juan-Carlos and others, discusses how â€Å"technological activity corresponds with student success in higher education† (Torres-Dà ­az et al, 1). â€Å"Engagement Strategies for Increasing Student Writing Success† by Patricia R. Huskin explores â€Å"various writing strategies meant to help students succeed† (Huskin, 1). â€Å"College Student Success Course Takers’ Perceptions of College Student Effectiveness† by Leah D. 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Some of these outside factors include; finances, life, social interaction, self-esteem, support systems, stress, preparation, and even the feeling of choosing the wrong career path. Student success is going to stay at a more stable rate if students stay focused on the final goal and learn different waysRead MoreThe Relationship Between Student Success Courses and Academic Achievement of Community College Students645 Words   |  3 PagesTennessee Legislature passed into law the Complete College Act (CCA) in 2006. Setting a goal of increas ing the number of college graduates by 3.5 percent annually, the law has radically reformed the way Tennessee funds its public community colleges and universities. Eliminating the old enrollment formula, which funded the institutions based on student enrollment headcounts, the CCA is a model of incentive funding, based on the retention of students and the production of degrees. Its impact on Tennessee’sRead MoreMotivating Firs Generation Students For Academic Success And College Completion902 Words   |  4 PagesFirs-Generation Students For Academic Success and College Completion† by Tanjula Petty describes the additional challenges first generation students have to overcome while attending college. A well-heeled diversity and world of opportunities are a few of the positive outcomes of attending college. According to Tanjula Petty (2014), â€Å"Yet, the most cited and widely used definition for first- generation students is someone whose parents has not completed a college degree†. Students whose parents did

Italian Renaissance (800 words) Essay Example For Students

Italian Renaissance (800 words) Essay Italian RenaissanceAs the fourteenth century ushered out the Middle Ages in Italy, a new period ofcultural flowering began, known as the Renaissance. This period in history wasfamous for its revival of classical themes and the merging of these themes withthe Catholic Church. These themes of humanism, naturalism, individualism,classicism, and learning and reason appeared in every aspect of the ItalianRenaissance, most particularly in its art. Humanism can be defined as the ideathat human beings are the primary measure of all things (Fleming, 29). Renaissance art showed a renewed interest in man who was depicted in Renaissanceart as the center of the world. Pico della Mirandola said that, there isnothing to be seen more wonderful than man. (Fleming, 284) This couldalmost be taken as a motto for Renaissance art. Michelangelos David clearlysupports Mirandolas statement. Since Renaissance art focused on representingtangible, human figures, rather than depicting scenes from the Bible in order topraise God, the artists had to think in more natural, scientific terms. Artistsbecame familiar with mathematics and the concept of space, as well as anatomy. Lorenzo Ghiberti studied the anatomical proportions of the body, FilippoBrunelleschi was interested in mathematics in architecture, Leone BattistaAlberti, who was skilled in painting, sculpture and architecture, stressed thestudy of mathematics as the underlying principle of the arts (Fleming, 285). Leonardo also looked at the geometric proportions of the human body (Calder,197). In painting, but especially in sculpture, artists were inspired to expressthe structural forms of the body beneath its external appearance. Theiranatomical studies opened the way to the modeling and the movements of the humanbody. In painting, naturalism meant a more realistic representation of everydayobjects. In Fra Angelicos Annunciation, he shows an exact reproduction ofTuscan botany (Wallace, 237). Also, the concept of space was important. Inpainting, figures were placed in a more normal relationship to the space theyoccupied. Human figures tended to become more personal and individual. Threeclear examples of that are Donatellos David, and Leonardos Mona Lisa and LastSupper, in which the twelve different expressions of the apostles were shown. Every statue, every portrait was an individual person who made a profoundimpression. Mary and the angel Gabriel became very human in Fra AngelicosMadonna (Wallace, 45). Even when placed in a group, every individual figurestood out separately, as in Boticellis Adoration of the Magi. One form of artrepresenting the individual was the portrait. Wealthy families and individualscommissioned artists to create statues and paintings. High regard for individualpersonality is demonstrated in the number and quality of portraits painted atthis time (Flemming, 286). Italian Renaissance humanism were motivated by arediscovery of the values of Greco-Roman civilization. An example ofarchitectural revival is Bramantes Tempietto, a small temple built where St. Peter is said to have been crucified. Bramante later got a chance to build on amuch greater scale: St. Peters Basilica. Clearly using classical civilizationsas his model Bramante said of St. Peters, I shall place the Pantheon ontop of the Basilica of Constantine. (Flemming, 309-310) Other architectswent back to the central-type churches modeled on the Pantheon, rather than therectangular basilica that had evolved over the centuries. They revived classicalorders and blueprints. Decorative motifs were derived directly formancient sacophagi, reliefs, and carved gems. Sculptors revisited thepossibilities of the nude. Painters, however, didnt have the classicalreferences that sculptors had, so they used mythological subjects. With all ofthe studying and learning of art in the Renaissance, it would be of littlewonder that the subject of some of the art was learning itself. The most famousexample of this is Raphaels School of Athens. Raphael, along with Michelangelo,was placed in the painti ng among the ranks of artist-scholars. As members of aphilosophical circle intent on reconciling the views of Plato and Aristotle,Raphael and his friends reasoned that Plato and Aristotle were saying the samething in different words. The two philosophers were placed on either side of thecentral. On Platos side, there was a statue of Apollo, the god of poetry. OnAristotles side there was one of Athena, goddess of reason. Spreading outwardon either side were groups corresponding to the separate schools of thoughtwithin the two major divisions (Barrett, 87). No matter what theme of theItalian Renaissance is named, there is always some example of a correspondingart manifestation of it. For humanism it was David, for naturalism it wasAnnunciation, for individualism, it was The Last Supper, for classicism, it wasSt. Peters Basilica, and for learning and reason, it was The School of Athens. .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b , .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b .postImageUrl , .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b , .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b:hover , .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b:visited , .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b:active { border:0!important; } .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b:active , .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u87b3dd9b27ad3433061d76b4e60f528b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Utilizing Solution Focused Brief Therapy with Domestic Violence Survivors EssayIt was these themes, which dominated every other aspect of the Renaissance, thatdominated the artistic aspect. BibliographyBarrett, Maurice. Raphael. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1965 Calder, Ritchie. Leonardoand the Age of the Eye. New York: Simon, 1970 Coughlan, Robert. The World ofMichelangelo: 1475-1564. New York: Time-Life, 1966 Flemming, William. Arts andIdeas. Fort Worth: Harcourt, 1995 Walace, Robert. Fra Anglelico and His Work. Chicago: Williamson, 1966

Vegetarianism (730 words) Essay Example For Students

Vegetarianism (730 words) Essay VegetarianismVegetarianism is a good idea for anyone, whether young or old, healthy or sick. Reasons supporting vegetarianism are inarguable since becoming a vegetarian is scientifically proven to improve ones lifestyle in several different ways. First and most importantly to many, vegetarianism improves ones health tremendously. Secondly, it can improve or display ones spirituality and beliefs. Another reason for changing to a vegetarian lifestyle that most people dont know is for the ecology and our surroundings. All of the above reasons and many more show that vegetarianism is a wonderful enhancement to anyones overall life. Health should be a considerable priority in every individuals life and vegetarians are proven to be healthier than carnivorous humans in various ways. First, medical studies show that a human beings body was not made to be carnivorous (for example; humans have no fang s or claws) and because are digestive system was not made to digest meat, a vegetarian diet is much easier and healthier for our bodies. Secondly, as known around the world, the most common cause of death is heart attack and the average man is at a 50% risk while a vegetarian man is at a 4% risk. Another fact most dont think about is that every one out of three chickens is infected with salmonella bacteria. Speaking of bacteria and disease, the U.S. Department of Agriculture implies that it protects meat-eaters through regular and thorough meat inspection while in reality, fewer than one out of every 250,000 slaughtered animals is tested for toxic chemical residues. As a matter of fact, breast milk of a meat-eating moth er versus a non meat-eating mother is 35 times higher for contamination of milk due to pesticides found in meat. Vegetarianism also prevents cancer by 50%, and prevents heart disease, lowering blood pressure, gallstones, kidney stones, osteoporosis and can even reverses diabetes. Finally, maintaining a vegetarian diet will not only make you physically healthier but will improve your psychiatric health also. In fact, many psychiatrists recommend a vegetarian diet to those with violent anger problems. As provided above, becoming a vegetarian would improve anyones health and give all nutrition needed including protein. We will write a custom essay on Vegetarianism (730 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many vegetarians do what they do for spiritual reasons and all have much supporting logic behind all the spirituality. Others claim they are spiritual people who are compassionate but how can one who eats meat be so with the knowledge of the suffering animals whose pain are beyond calculation? If one has understanding from God, how can he/she nourish ones self by the misery and death of other organisms made to live and be free? When a human kills an animal for food, he/she is neglecting his own hunger for justice. When a human claims to love Gods creatures and then eats meat, he/she is inconsistent and a hypocrite. One should never accept characteristics such as injustice, inconsistency and hypocrisy while asserting spirituality. There is another beneficial reason for vegetarianism that most never have heard of or thought about. Our environment is affected in many ways by livestock and so on. In fact, every quarter pound of hamburger meat one eats destroys 55 square feet of rainforest, which is already being demolished in the first place. This is because many cattle eaten in the U.S. have been fattened up and raised in former rainforest that was converted to grazing ground. Actually, more than 50% of rainforest destruction has been from animal grazing. Other than the destruction of rain forest, more than half of all water supplies goes to livestock production. Vegetarianism could even improve our world by preventing hunger for 1,300,000,000 humans could be fed by the grain and soybeans fed to livestock each year. Not only does meat eating help destroy our bodies but the world around us. .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e , .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e .postImageUrl , .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e , .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e:hover , .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e:visited , .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e:active { border:0!important; } .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e:active , .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7018d11ca563cf499116f23aa9675c3e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Decision making EssayWhen it all comes down to it, being a vegetarian is a wonderful, spiritual, and helpful way of life and it could be to all. It could improve health, spirituality, and even the ecology. There are many more reasons supporting vegetarianism and one could always find some that are most important to them. Some think of vegetarianism as a punishment or restriction while true vegetarians and the ones who know most distinguish that it is a fantastic and quick way

Free Essays on The French Revolution

to identify themselves to the king, they obtained arms. If they felt the need to express their dissatisfaction with the king, they marched right up and demanded it. Simply, if they felt they didn’t like what was going on, they changed it. For these reasons the common people of France pulled the revolution together in order to get what they wanted; which was radical reformation of equality. The revolution evolved from France’s national debt. After France fought the American Revolution, Louis XVI had accumulated a national debt. The country was unable to pay this debt, due to a lack of central bank, paper currency, credit, and an out of date tax system. Louis XVI imposed monitorial rights, which gave noble the right to tax peasants for their own profit, as Louis did. This unfair taxing system caused the Estates General to meet for the first time in several years. (Mckay 698) The Estates General consisted of three estates; the clergy, nobles, and commoners (third estate). Ironically, the three bodies were together separately. At first, the three bodies voted separately as Louis had requested. Louis was only interested in divine right, and to achieve that no one could over power him. He told the three orders that they should meet as one body only for common interest, but vote separately. (Belloc 49) The proposals of the Prime Minister Necker, were brought to the attention of the Estates General. These reforms requested the vote be taken by head rather then by state... Free Essays on The French Revolution Free Essays on The French Revolution The French Revolution To a great extent the common people of France were the primary impetus for action during the French Revolution. When Marquis de Lafayette came back with his love of liberty, life in France was never the same. It started the idea of reform. The people who had no rights or land were the commoners, and they really needed and wanted the reform. The commoners needed the reform in order to continue life in France. When they needed more then words to identify themselves to the king, they obtained arms. If they felt the need to express their dissatisfaction with the king, they marched right up and demanded it. Simply, if they felt they didn’t like what was going on, they changed it. For these reasons the common people of France pulled the revolution together in order to get what they wanted; which was radical reformation of equality. The revolution evolved from France’s national debt. After France fought the American Revolution, Louis XVI had accumulated a national debt. The country was unable to pay this debt, due to a lack of central bank, paper currency, credit, and an out of date tax system. Louis XVI imposed monitorial rights, which gave noble the right to tax peasants for their own profit, as Louis did. This unfair taxing system caused the Estates General to meet for the first time in several years. (Mckay 698) The Estates General consisted of three estates; the clergy, nobles, and commoners (third estate). Ironically, the three bodies were together separately. At first, the three bodies voted separately as Louis had requested. Louis was only interested in divine right, and to achieve that no one could over power him. He told the three orders that they should meet as one body only for common interest, but vote separately. (Belloc 49) The proposals of the Prime Minister Necker, were brought to the attention of the Estates General. These reforms requested the vote be taken by head rather then by state...

Detox your writing - Emphasis

Detox your writing Detox your writing Is your writing feeling a bit flabby and out of shape? Treat it to a one-month detox treatment by following these three rules. Get active The active voice is more direct, dynamic and accountable. The Government took no action is better than No action was taken or No action was taken by the Government. Its far better to have people or organisations taking action than to describe things as mysteriously happening or being done. When you use the active voice, you sometimes find an even simpler way of expressing yourself. A payment was made by the chief executive last week. becomes The chief executive made a payment last week. which you can then change to The chief executive paid last week. Stay structured Few of the people you write for are psychic or have infallible memories. If you put the main part of the sentence at the end, they will have to read to the end before they can start to understand the beginning. This mental back-flip could be all it takes to confuse them, distract them, or put them off. Structuring sentences logically will: keep your readers reading make sure they need to read each sentence only once get your message across. Always put the primary clause first. Or, in other words, put the what before the why. So, rather than In order to achieve these targets within the specified timeframe, we need to begin the training now. write We need to begin the training now, in order to achieve these targets within the specified timeframe. or, even better (see Lose the padding, below) We need to begin the training now, so we can hit our targets on time. Also, try to stick to the rule of one sentence = one idea. Aim for an average sentence length of 15-20 words; an absolute maximum of 35. Remember, there is no limit to the number of full stops you can use. Lose the padding Never mistake the ability to use elaborate phrases for a sign of intellect. Whats the point of using your brain to translate a short word into a long one, so that your readers have to use their brains to translate it back again before they even start to take in your message? Its also a fallacy that short words are somehow lightweight or less useful. In fact, they are often the most powerful. No one is saying that you have to use them all the time that would be boring. But if you want your sentences to have more impact, streamline them by doing these three simple things: cut out redundant words replace long words with short ones replace long phrases with short ones. After the detox Just as with healthy eating and exercise regimes, the secrets of writing well in the long term are to enjoy it and to let yourself experiment. Use this month as an opportunity to clamp down on any bad writing habits youve slipped into by really focusing on these three points. But that doesnt mean that you can never again use the passive voice or your favourite long word. This month, we fast. In the long term, its all about the moderation. Challenge Meanwhile, heres a quick four-point exercise to ponder as you crunch your carrots: 1. Reduce this sentence from nine words to five: It is possible that the Chancellor will cut taxes. 2. Rewrite this sentence without the nominalisation (-tion words): It was his conviction that the provision of bicycles to law officers would lead to a reduction in crime. 3. Cut two words out of this sentence: Sarah Thompson, who is our marketing director, will lead the discussion. 4. Rewrite this sentence without the prepositions (of, on, in, by, to): The recession is of great concern to small-business owners.

1.An assessment of the economic impact of the 2012 Olympics on London Essay

1.An assessment of the economic impact of the 2012 Olympics on London - Essay Example As such, examining the economic benefits of the 2012 London Olympics would be critical. It has become critical for nations to evaluate the benefits of Olympic Games at the early bidding stages, referred to as economic impact assessment by Oxford Economics (2012). This enlightens the host city on the economic benefits resulting from hosting these games and subsequently promotes the local context of bringing significant gains to the local economy. Indeed, it would be appreciated that the Olympics 2012 greatly benefited London’s tourism, labour market and retail economy. To understand these economic benefits to London, it would be appropriate to consider the cost of hosting the Games. Every four years a city hosts the Olympics, massive sums of money would be spent on facilities, housing and maintenance and transport infrastructure. According to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, DCMS (2012), the British government had set a budget of  £9.325 billion for hosting the 2012 Olympic Games. Of this,  £5.975 billion was to be sourced from the central government,  £2.175 billion from the national lottery,  £925 million from the Greater London Authority and  £250 million from the London Development Agency. This was much higher than the  £5.906 billion budget at the time of bidding. Core Olympic costs were to consume  £3.081 billion including transport infrastructure, venue, programme management and site security. The other amount was to be shared among tax costs, policing and wider security and contingency among others. Even so, as th e even neared, there were reports of the government running far beyond the budget, King (2012) estimating this at  £2 billion some fifty days to the event. Finally, the government spent between  £14 billion and  £20 billion (Greyser & Kogan 2013), security provisions having escalated the budget significantly. With such massive

The constructivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The constructivism - Essay Example The constructivist theory is student centered not teaching centered. The teacher allows the students to make use of their knowledge and helps them in construction of their knowledge. Unlike traditional theories of learning that define a teacher as an informer or deliverer of knowledge, in construction theory, teacher is only the guide. The students are not receivers of knowledge; they conceive their previously attained knowledge and employ it in constructing new knowledge. Teachers help the students in collaborative construction of knowledge by social negotiation and reflective practice. This means that the students learn in a collaborative environment in which, he is not alone to learn but he has many more learners with him, a whole class. This can be understood by the example given at the starting of the chapter in which, the students are involved in constructing an elaborate city bus. The students did not allow Tommy to enter the bus because of his adopted role as an animal. Later on, the teacher negotiates to the students about why should animals not allowed in bus and they reflect according to their own received experiences. The students learn by collaborative construction of knowledge and they are facilitated by the teacher in terms of their learning. The teacher negotiates about their conceptions and understanding and allows them to reflect on the situation. They practice what they see and by their teacher’s help, they are able to construct knowledge that was generalized previously.

The League Of Nations And United Nations Essay Example for Free

The League Of Nations And United Nations Essay Introduction International organizations were created basically to function according to the principles of decision-making among member countries represented by appointed or elected representatives. These powerful leaders unite and agree on an issue or in determining solutions and conclusions that involves the welfare of all races across the world. Issues like economics, international law, human rights and security of not only for developed countries but of the third world countries as well. There is a common purpose and goal, joined together for world peace. Nations are associated to work as a single unit. Such associations are founded many centuries ago by leaders of past generations to avoid riot, confusion and continuous killings among nations. Within these organizations, principal subordinate groups, bodies, assembly, mandates and members were structured accordingly. However, not all powerful organizations have strong foundations. Others may fail due to coincidental flaws and lapses that lead to its eventual demise. They have failed to achieve matters that concern the welfare of the people. Their approach to issues might be weak. Thus, conflicts were not resolved as they were highly expected to have been done. The League of Nations is one organization that led to such failure. This paved way to the emergence of The United Nations. After The League of Nations’ failure to prevent war, it was decided to create a new body to replace the League’s role. The League of Nations and the United Nations are international assemblies that have the same vision. They both aim to achieve peace among nations and security which may lead to economic stability. The difference is that the former failed as history narrates, and the latter still exists and continuously binding nations for a better and peaceful world to live in. It also has its flaws and negative approach to some activists who are against some processes the organization implements but we can only hope that their advocacy for peace may succeed. League of Nations To put an end to the World War I, an international organization was formed. This was called The League of Nations. The organization was founded by signing peace agreements. The aim of the League was to uphold harmony and safety among international countries. The First World War resulted to the League of Nations in a way that it made people realize that there is a need for prevention of another catastrophe (League of Nations). Its philosophy is sincere and its legacy will continue on for the next hundred years. However its foundation became weak and has not proven that it can prevent future world wars. The League failed to have its own armed forces. It was very much dependent on Great Powers on inflicting decrees. Also, the Great Powers still had the control on which sanctions chosen by the League would be implemented. The League was also not capable of deciding whether or not to accept taxes. Furthermore, the United Kingdom and France were hesitant on choosing military sanctions by the League. These two nations are the most powerful members of the League. League of Nations failed to achieve its mission. They should have successfully met their goals of preventing war, by means of collective security, diplomatic negotiations in calming down disputes between nations and developing global welfare (Sambasivam). The League of Nations back then had three principal structures: the assembly, the council, and the secretariat. The assembly is the central body of the League. Each state’s representative made up the assembly. They conducted meeting every year. They were responsible in making resolutions and legal advisories. The council is a sub-group of the representatives but they were apart from the assembly. Their role was to intercede and straighten out between disputing countries. The secretariat was the office of the General Secretary. He was the overall in-charge of the League and responsible for its every action. It also established mandates which refer to territories defeated in the war. It formally took away sovereignty of the controlling states then transfer mandatory powers to individual states among the Allied Powers (League of Nations). Due to the right of the members to represent each of their nations, they ended up protecting their own interests and lost its dedication to the goals of the League. The outbreak of World War I would be the effect of these weaknesses and failure to convince leaders lost its supposedly powerful grip. The League of Nations would have met the dream of races of all nations all over the world of a better place to live in. The United Nations Taking over that job, after thirty years of eventual failures, is the United Nations. All services, mandates, and property were turned over to them. Founded after World War II and came into being on October 1945, it hopes to continue the vision of the past assembly for peace and security, social progress, and guide minorities and the common people of their awareness of their human rights (History of the United Nations) . The United Nations has a more comprehensive and in-depth approach to matters concerning all nations. According to the official website of UN, the union intends to uphold respect among human races and their rights and keep and preserve the environment. It also gives attention the improvement of living standards, and fight against disease. Furthermore, agencies of UN delineate standards for safely and economically air traveling. It also deals with illegal drugs selling and terrorism through worldwide campaigns. Aside from these issues, UN also gives assistance to refugees and develops strategies in clearing up landmines. Essentially, the union also provides opportunities towards the stability of global interdependence and national sovereignty. It also encourages interests among countries when tackling international problems (â€Å"UN in Brief†). Compared to the League of Nations, UN has opened its doors to all nations, advocates of peace who are willing to comply with obligations presented in the Charter. The attitude of the members greatly affects the decision of the General Assembly, by the recommendation of the Security Council. It has a more systematic structure based on five principal branches. These are UN General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, and International Court of Justice respectively. It designates committees to address issues on peace and security, peacekeeping, human rights, humanitarian assistance, international development, and bureaucratic inefficiency (â€Å"How the UN Works†). Conclusion The League of Nations was a failure and ineffective with its performance as an assembly that might have prevented World War II. Eventually, the United Nations inherited the crisis of warring nations. UN, up to this day has continued to maintain its ability in deploying armed forces of its member nations as peacekeepers. It engages in peacekeeping and not only deals with issues of politics but also displays empathy and reaches out to other cultures through humanitarian missions. United Nations was structured as in the first place to assemble a more effective body compared to the League. Apparently, it has succeeded in calling for its nation members to give contributions with regards to armed inventions. However, in some instances unavoidable, it has been relying on economic commendations for funding.   The dream continues. The UN founders envision a pleasant world to live, wherein there would be absence of conflicts and wars between nations. It is a fact that the vision is not yet realized until this day. Conflicts continue that rages across the globe. Countries decide to break-up and the dominance of leadership brings out further challenges for the United Nations. REFERENCES: History of the United Nations. United Nations, 2000. How the UN Works. United Nations, 2000. League of Nations. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 6th ed: Columbia University Press, 2007. League of Nations. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security.: The Gale Group, Inc., 2004. Sambasivam, Sivakami. Lessons from World War II. 2006. â€Å"UN in Brief†: United Nations, 2000.

Children and Television Essays -- Sociology

As Americans we should be very concerned about the effect that television is having on our children. Today's children watch far too much television. As a result, a number of horrific conditions occur, which could have easily been prevented, if we as parents and caregivers simply would get off of our lazy butts and just turn off the tube. The National Coalition for Children and Families states, "By the time adolescents graduate from high school, they will have spent 15,000 hours watching television, compared with 12,000 hours spent in the classroom." The influence that television is having on America's children is having alarming results. Everyday we are seeing more and more children with developmental delays, distorted realities, and just plain laziness. Children as young a one year old and younger are influenced by television, and the effects have already begun to take place before we even notice that the baby is watching. Television has become a complete nuisance. It has taken hold of our children's lives and it is sucking their energy, creativity, and personalities right out of them. There are many educators, caregivers, and parents who are under the belief that television is an essential learn tool and has helped many children to advance beyond their age level. Many shows such as Blue's Clues, Sesame Street, and Barney are geared to teaching young children between the ages of 2 - 5. But the truth of the matter is children at this tender age are watching television without receiving any personal interaction. One on one interaction is a key developmental tool that is so desperately needed for toddlers to be able to progress in learning. But a line must be drawn when we allow television to be the sol... ...ll this help them to create a healthier lifestyle, but it will also help them to build their immune systems against disease. Grab a book and sit down and read to your child or have them read to you. This will help to develop their vocabulary and personal interaction skills, and not to mention its fun too. Another great idea is to pull out a game and sit down and play with your children. This will not only teach them many valuable skills, but also give them great memories for years to come. Basically it's about getting back to parenting. Learning together, and teaching each other new things, will help to develop a great relationship between the two of you. Give the babysitter (the television) the night off and just spend time with your kids. If you can do this, your children will be smarter and more secure, not to mention happier, healthier members of society.

Machiavelli’s Premise Essay

1. Do you agree with Machiavelli’s premise that if given the choice between the two, the prince is better served by being feared than loved? How does Machiavelli make the case for his position (details, modes)? Are his arguments convincing? If you took the self-analysis on high-Mach or low-Mach, what were the results, and were you surprised by your score? 2. What is the thesis of Neil Postman’s forward? Do you agree or disagree with his point of view? Provide support for your position. 1- The prince is better feared than loved, although striking a balance between the two would be best. As Machiavelli stated that the prince should do his utmost to escape hatred and too much fear would create hatred. The prince should try to balance love and fear based on his people and the situation at hand. 2- Both authors have different point of views; Orwell’s view is that we will be deprived of things by externally imposed oppression and by inflicting pain while Huxley’s view is that we will be distracted from our real goals with lust and pleasure. I agree to some extent on both points of views, except for the part that states that what we hate will ruin us. If you hate something that is bad then I don’t see anything wrong with it; I don’t think it can ruin us in any way. On the other hand I agree that lust and desire only lead to greed and other sins which corrupt us. Would time traveling be cool? Time travelling would not be cool. In fact many scientists have done a lot of research on black holes and time warps. Einstein did work on it as well as Stephen Sawking to no avail. Actually Stephen changed his theory on the black holes losing and retaining information twice. If time traveling was possible we would be open to endless opportunities and nothing would be a challenge. Life would be stale without surprises, discoveries and evolution.

Erving Goffman The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Essay

Erving Goffman has completed a wonderful presentation of human behaviour and face-to-face interactions, of a first meeting between two people, who may or may not have an audience. The use of a theatrical performance to explain the interaction was indeed an ingenious idea that kept me intrigued until the very end. This book was written in 1959 but its referencing to human behaviour is still very much relevant to today’s life style. Human behaviour patterns have been written about by many individuals over the years, why we do the things we do or how long we have been undertaking these behaviours. Is there any relevance to the patterns in our behaviour? It would seem there definitely appears to be. As a society, to influence how another person perceives who we are. We give appearances and refinements of someone we want people to see, yet not particularly who we truly are. Goffman describes this as a performance, a play that we put on to give a good first impression. This play could become a nightmare, if we do not keep it under control. It can be difficult to play the part of someone you are not, for the reason that it can rebound on you. It is better to persist with who you are, and not reveal all of yourself in the beginning, like a good story. To present who we are, we should start at the foundation, begin with presenting an opening act. This act should be near to true life, the person you would like to be known as. Currently a person of importance gives the impression that they know what they are doing, example your doctor. If they were a person who, on first meeting gave the impression that they were unsure, confused and unconfident, would you go back to them? No, perhaps not. Even when they are having a bad day your doctor will always appear to be in control, so that we feel more at ease. When we first meet new people we try to acquire information about them, it is then how the person delivers this information, that we base our assumptions. People give information verbally and non-verbally by expressions, movements, gestures and other presumably unintentional communications, like a slight smile. Our brain takes all this information into consideration then makes a personal judgment based on the material it collects. There is so much information for us to collect and make our decision on, that we sometimes need a second meeting to be able to make a correct judgement on a particular person we have meet. Goffman concludes that his own assumptions are made upon a face-to-face interaction and the result of an encounter, the performance that is given to each particular participant and their performance as a basic point of reference. In conclusion, Goffmans writings clearly represent how we present ourselves in everyday life today, and possibly well into the future. References Erving, Goffman (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, New York, Anchor Books, pp. 1-16.

Vacuum Definition and Examples

Vacuum Definition and Examples Vacuum Definition A vacuum is a volume that encloses little or no matter. In other words, it is a region that has a gaseous pressure much lower than that of atmospheric pressure.A partial vacuum is a vacuum with low amounts of matter enclosed. A total, perfect, or absolute vacuum has no matter enclosed. Sometimes this type of vacuum is referred to as free space. The term vacuum comes from the Latin vacuus, which means empty. Vacuus, in turn, comes from the word vacare, which means be empty. Common Misspellings vaccum, vaccuum, vacuume Vacuum Examples Vacuum tubes are devices, usually made of glass, that contain very low gas pressures inside the tube.Space is considered a vacuum. Space does contains matter, but the pressure is much lower than what you would find on a planet, for example.A vacuum cleaner sucks up debris because it creates a pressure difference between the area to be cleaned and the suction tube.Your lungs intake air when your diaphragm drops, creating a partial vacuum in the alveoli of the lungs, causing air to rush in.

How to Speak Like a Italian Like

How to Speak Like a Italian Like If you want to learn Italian, forget your native tongue. If you want to speak Italian like a native, then spend some time in Italy speaking only Italian. If you want to read Italian, then pick up an Italian newspaper and peruse whatever section interests you. The point is, if you want to achieve competency in Italian, you must think like an Italian- and that means getting rid of the helpers that are real hindrances and standing on your own two (linguistic) feet. Bilingual Dictionaries Are a Crutch Speaking English to your friends is a waste of time if your goal is to speak Italian. Making grammatical comparisons between English and Italian are worthless. It sounds counterintuitive, but in the end, each language has rules and forms that are unique and sometimes illogical. And translating back and forth in your head before speaking or reading is the ultimate fools errand that will never lead to real-time speaking competence. Interact With Native Speakers So many people approach language as a science and get completely tongue-tied- witness the e-mail questions this SiteGuide receives daily about obscure Italian grammatical points and textbook recommendations. Learners obsess over minutiae, as if Italian could be dissected, instead of speaking Italian and interacting with native speakers. Imitate them. Mimic them. Ape them. Copy them. Let go of your ego and make believe youre an actor trying to sound Italian. But please- no books with something else to memorize. That turns off students immediately and is not effective in the least. Ignore English Grammar If there’s one bit of advice I can offer to anyone studying Italian, regardless of your level: Stop thinking in English! Ignore English grammar- you’re wasting a lot of mental energy trying to translate literally and construct sentences according to English syntax. In a letter to the editor in The New York Times Magazine, Lance Strate, an associate professor of Communication and Media Studies at Fordham University in The Bronx reinforces this point: ...it does not follow that all languages are equal, and therefore interchangeable. If this were true, the translation would be a relatively simple and straightforward affair, and learning another language would involve nothing more than learning to substitute one code for another, much like using Roman numerals. The truth is that different languages differ in highly significant ways, in grammar as well as vocabulary, which is why each language represents a unique way of codifying, expressing, and understanding the world. We do not become fluent in a new language until we stop translating and simply start thinking in the new language, because each language represents a distinctive medium of thought. Let Go of Your Fear of Making Mistakes Your goal should be to communicate, not sound as if you have a Ph.D. in Italian grammar (you’ll never do it, anyway, since there are only a small number of native Italians who are that well-versed in the intricacies of their own language. But certainly, most of them can communicate their every emotion, fear, want, and need.). Your biggest mistake, and what will hold you back, is using English as a crutch and being afraid of opening your mouth wide and singing that lovely language called la bella lingua. At the risk of sounding discouraging, a lot of language learners just don’t get it, and never will. It’s similar to taking dance lessons. You can put cut-out feet on the floor with numbers on them and take lessons from an expert, but if you don’t have rhythm, and you don’t have that swing, you’re always and forever going to look like a klutz on the dance floor, no matter how many lessons you take and how much you practice. So what do you do if you’re not a good dancer and weren’t born with natural rhythm? Scripted Responses Learning scripted responses in foreign languages is unproductive. Every textbook for beginners devotes many pages to dialogue that’s stilted and simply doesn’t occur in real life. So why teach it?! If you ask a person on the street Dov’e’ il museo? and he doesn’t respond according to the script you memorized, then what? You’re stuck, because there is an infinite number of potential responses, and none of us has enough time on the face of this earth to memorize them. And that person on the street is going to keep on walking because he’s headed to a great pizzeria. Learning scripted responses in foreign languages encourages a false sense of confidence. It doesnt translate into real-time speaking competence nor will you understand the musicality of the language. It’s like looking at a musical score and expecting to be a master violinist just because youve memorized the notes. Instead, you have to play it, and play it again and again. Likewise with the Italian language. Play with it! Practice! Listen to native Italian speakers and mimic them. Laugh at yourself trying to pronounce gli correctly. Italian, more so than many languages, is musical, and if you remember that analogy it will come easier. There is no secret, no Rosetta Stone, no silver bullet when it comes to learning a language. You have to listen and repeat ad nauseum. You will make a quantum leap in learning Italian when you abandon your native tongue and disengage from the grammar that you implicitly learned when you were a child.

Ethics and Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Ethics and Governance - Essay Example , stakeholders, suppliers etc it may be an ethical organization but the animal rights activist groups or the individuals who are vegetarians could look upon the activities of the organization as being highly unethical just as the cannibals are regarded as unethical by the majority of people. The subject of business ethics touches upon the frontiers of many subjects which are controversial, in fact it touches upon the controversy of human life, the dilemma of the creation into which we all have been born . To go into detail into even any one of these subjects is beyond the scope of this paper but it is helpful for the reader to be aware of all the other subjects which effect business ethics. Organizations do have some individual values; if they strive for profit making then the value behind it may be self reliance and striving for excellence, this drive for excellence may be highly supported by certain cultures, but in the process the organization may be producing certain outcomes which may not be desirable for certain groups and even for the society at large. For example an organization individually may be releasing very little pollutants in the environment but there are other organizations who also have the same individual value system and the urge to strive for excellence who are also releasing the pollutants and when summed up leads to a huge amount of pollutants in the environment which are harmful to a large number of people, thus raising the need for legal interventions and code of ethics in this case restricting the organization from polluting beyond a certain limit or charging higher environmental tax to the larger polluters. Also the organizations are forced t o comply to ethical standards when they come under pressure from various groups, when they are made to realize how the pursuit of their own interests are harming others or when they are threatened to stop pursuing their own objectives which is proving to be harmful to others then there is a

Exploring Theme in August Wilsons Fences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exploring Theme in August Wilsons Fences - Essay Example Many of these restrictions and attitudes might have gone unnoticed and unremembered except for the black playwrights and authors who revealed their effects on the community as a whole. In his play Fences, August Wilson uses the concept of a fence as both a theme and a symbol to reveal the hidden boundaries his characters encounter as they attempt to achieve a modest version of the American dream in the 1950s North. The concept of invisible boundaries blocking one’s ability to reach the American Dream is the central theme of this play. The story begins on a random Friday afternoon. The play’s main character, Troy Manxson, is waiting for his latest paycheck from the city’s waste removal services department where he works somewhat unwillingly because his dreams of being a big baseball star were thwarted when he was younger by rules that prevented black men from playing in the major leagues. As the play progresses, it becomes clear that all the characters featured once had big dreams that were thwarted by the generalized lack of opportunity that applied to anyone with darker skin. In this opening scene, Troy immediately addresses the theme of the play when he tells Bono about the invisible ceilings that are constantly placed over his head, such as the boss’s reaction when Troy asked why only white men were allowed the position of garbage truck drivers. Troy’s fru stration is clear as he obviously realizes that playing for a professional team would have afforded him and his family an entirely different kind of life, and he is even held down in this lowly position working on a garbage truck. His response to the idea that things are changing and he was just born too young, Troy says, â€Å""There ought not never have been no time too early† (Wilson, Act 1, Scene 1). In spite of knowing his limitations were externally set, Troy feels he has failed

Index funds and their investment policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Index funds and their investment policy - Essay Example Unlike index funds, actively managed funds aim to reach results, which exceed whole market results or some of its components. It's important for their managers to select the stocks, necessary to buy, correctly, and also to define exactly the best selling/purchasing moment. Unlike actively managed funds, which aim to reach results, which exceed whole market results or some of its components (it's important for their managers to select the stocks, necessary to buy, correctly, and also to define exactly the best selling/purchasing moment), index funds demonstrate more passive investment strategy. Index funds invest assets to some basic asset classes, each of them characterized by its own flights and drops. That's why combinations of investing into funds, based on various indexes allow reaching some balance, reducing the risk and increasing invested money return. There are five five members, who represent Standard & Poor's and the ASX. They set policy, determ index composition and administer the indices in accordance with the S&P/ASX index methodology. The investment policy includes adding, removing or by-passing any company or during the selection process. And what about the portfolio investment... An index addition generally will be made only if an index vacancy is created by an index deletion. The Index Committee determines S&P/ASX index additions based on historic analysis of a stock's market capitalization, free float, and liquidity. The Fund is a style-based fund that seeks to provide a total return that is broadly in line with the S&P/ASX 200 Index (excluding listed property trusts) before taking into account Fund fees and expenses. The Fund is targeting a grossed-up dividend yield that is 1% above that of the index. Grossed-up dividend yield is calculated taking into account both cash dividends and associated franking credits. Surely, the Committee analyses every merger, spin-off, acquisition, or scheme of arrangement. Index funds are popular among investors thanks to their wide portfolio diversification, low expenses and high efficiency from taxation point. 2. ASX200 composition determining and it's changing. There are indexes for some certain market branches (municipal, technological, financial etc.), regions and states and even different investment styles. For instance, "growth" indexes are composed from the stocks of the companies, which are waited to demonstrate fast profit growth tempos, while "cost" indexes - from the stocks, which can be undervalued on the base of financial results or company assets. The S&P/ASX 200 Index is recognized as one of the leading investment benchmarks for the Australian equity market. The index represents the 200 largest and most liquid publicly listed entities in Australia. The S&P/ASX 200 Index provides investors and fund managers with an effective benchmark for Australian equity performance, as it offers a broader representation of the Australian market. What companys' stocks are included in ASX 200 list The

Neoliberalism Ideology Of Privatisation

Neoliberalism Ideology Of Privatisation In favour of Globalisation, the Neoliberals suggest that the privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital is desirable and inevitable from a socio economic development. 1.0 Introduction One of the main outcomes of neo-liberalism in IPE (International political Economy) in economic reforms is Privatisation. To develop my argument, I will look at the arguments of neo-liberalism in favour of privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital through globalisation. The idea of globalisation has grown to be one of the generally effective in socio economic development as well as raises the global cross boarder in term of social, economic and cultural. To day the terms World economy, world market and globalisation are commonplace, appearing in the sound bites of politicians (Dunn: 188). The debate of the above three vectors relate with economic competition and privatisation try to increase world interdependent and become desirable and inevitable process. Afterwards globalisation is rising attractive a controversial subject whether it can really be important in socio economic development and improve human welfare. A number of scholars in this part come across not so convincingly to provide or even concur that relation between globalisation and privatisation in terms of free competition and free trade (worldwide capital mobility) lead to economic effectiveness, welfare and democracy. To my understanding, globalisation is an important but not adequate circumstance to hasten socio economic. PURPOSE. The foundation of this essay is to essentially examine how aspects of globalisation with privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital are either important desirable in socio economic improvement. The essay will begin by introducing the concepts of globalisation and will explain Neoliberals perspective on globalisation and its effects on socio economic using different readings, lectures, Journals and my individual observation concerning to the issue. The primary part of this essay will demonstrate the neoliberal arguments in favour of privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital and its contribution of economic o the process of accelerated economic growth and poverty reduction. Secondly, it will examine some view and criticism and or challenges associated from other perspectives for concerning arguments. Finally, I will draw a conclusion based on review findings. 1.2 CONCEPTS. The idea of globalisation is global change relate with connections of social, cultural, economic and political between actors across the globe. (Robinson: 1999). According to Todaro, globalisation is increasing integrations of national economies into expanding international markets. The above information explains that the process of globalisation try to make a global single set. Indeed Gill accepts that globalisation is part of broad process of restructuring of state and civil society and political economy culture. He emphasizes that It is ideology largely consistent with the world view and political priorities of large- scale internationally mobile forms of capital. Mobility of resources is very crucial in development, investment and services for increasing internationally interconnection and commonly world economy. The OECD1 handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators explained that the term globalisation has been widely used to describe the increasing internationalisation of fin ancial market and of markets for goods and services. In this regards the integrations of capital labour and financial services is very important for economic inter-reliance. The Concept of neo-liberalism is a set of economic policies that have become widespread during the last two decade. Martinez 1996. Indeed (Cerny, 2008), explained that, during 1980s neo-liberalism was related with International Relation while 1990s focus on economic and liberalisation in International Political Economy. Thorsen agrees that is used to describe a range of policies and an economic philosophy that stress international free trade, economic liberalism or capitalism and the promotion of such through deregulation privatisation and liberalisation of nation economies. He highlights that, the term neo liberalism also used to imply that is a new form of economic liberalism more commonly known as capitalism but on global scale. In this logic the neoliberals relate with open of trans-nationalisation of capital and liberation of enterprises and state linking the appearance of market civilisation. Mean while, (Gill1995) agrees that neoliberal macroeconomic policies, aligned to the ideology of the competition state, hence the competition through the privatisation is more essential and enhance global interconnection on socio economic growth. According to sheikh (2004) neoliberals dominants modern globalisation. Its practices are justified by asset of theoretical claim rooted in standard economic theory. Market is represented as optimal and self regulating social structure. It is claimed that if market must be allowed to function with out restraint. Therefore, neoliberals believe that the role of government is to provide public service and markets will adjustment naturally. Neo-liberalism perspective with globalisation reflects on international competitiveness, the policy might engage in recreation of a role in improving international economy. Hirst (2009) at el accepts that, to neo-liberalism international competitiveness as the characteristic modality of international economic governance. It involves political compromise including diplomatic bargaining between countries to establish compromises on trade policy as exemplified by the GATT mechanism. A long with this for neo-liberalism emphasis on the political bargaining is very significant the exercise of international market entrance. 2. Privatisation and Trans-nationalisation of Capital. Before the description and explanation of the neo-liberalism arguments in favour of privatisation. I will describe in short the meaning of privatisation In generally. According to Todaro 2009 the privatisation of state owned enterprises in the production and financial sectors, hinges on orthodox hypothesis that private ownership brings greater efficiency and more rapid growth In addition he emphasise that privatisation improves efficiency, increase outputs and lower costs to reduce public internal and external debt, and promotes individuals initiatives while rewarding entrepreneurship. In this regards states by implementing this policy leads to improve growth and increase in the rational choice for consumer and socio economic level. Martinez (1996) agrees that privatisation sell state-owned enterprises, goods and services to private investors. This includes banks, key industries, railroads, toll highways, electricity, schools, hospitals and even fresh water. Although usually done in the name of greater efficiency, which is often needed, privatization has mainly had the effect of concentrating wealth even more in a few hands and making the public pay even more for its needs. In general privatisation is very crucial on world economy yet it is increasingly becoming a debated issue whether it can improve the economy or make it is worse situation especially in developing Countries. Related with trans-nationalisation of capital is a kind of recent capitalism connected with hegemonic tool for analysis of transitional economy. Capital transnationalisation can be transferred through different type in terms of and goods and service capital, financial capital, and productive capital. Bina (1991) agrees that there are three ways of trans-nationalisation in world economy (i) Concentration and centralisation of capital both in manufacturing (industrial capital) and financial capital. (ii) The formation of finance capital and further development of credits system for expanded reproduction and the consequent internationalisation of all circuits of capital and globalisation and production through the medium of transnational cooperation (TNCs). However economic labour movement and financial flow become considerable society in the age of globalisation. Labour is directly related to the reason of advanced capitalism. This requires an inspection of requirements of the politica l economy of today trans-nationalisation. Cerny 2008 argue that for neo-liberalism contemporary politics entails both a process of choosing between version of neo-liberalism, and the attempt to innovate creativity within the new neoliberal playing field including open trade capital flows embedded financial orthodoxy, the regulatory state, privatisation and hybrid forms of governance are the bottom line of neo-liberalism. In theory, it offers prediction of amendment of political institutions increase of economic globalisation. The argument of neo-liberalism paradigm base on free market and privatisation has encouraging effects in social impartiality. Moreover they believe in freedom of movement for capital commodities, it advocates the opportunity of economies and competition in the world market in situation of complete freedom. Hirst agrees that economic performance measures through competitiveness. Idea of competitiveness relate with comparative advantages that is different countries lead each country will capable to acquire other product at al lower resources cost less hours. Moreover, Makwana (2006) agrees that neoliberals claims that privatized services are more capable than those run by state. They consider that market competition and collaborate effectiveness can drive prices drive prices down for consumers. Furthermore, the eventual goal of neoliberal economic globalisation to eliminate of all barriers to trade and the privatisation of all accessible resources and service. In addition, Cerny 2008. state that, neo-liberalism focus on relatively dogmatic, enforced laissez-faire doctrine, it involves first of all an acceptance that we live in multilevel, more open and market like globalisation world in which informal and negotiated policy process prevails for neoliberals open market and globalisation is very significant for neoliberal market civilisation (Gill 1995) which is linking social well being on broad around the world economy system. Another explanation from (Cerny: 2008) reiterates that, neoliberals public policies, whether at national, regional or international level do not merely constrains but also bring opportunities. In theory, through Structural Adjustment policies allows poor to possess and be accountable for recovering their lives changes themselves relatively than the system. As I mentioned earlier that, transformation of capital may occur in term of manufacturing and financial aspects there is empirical evidence that some of countries benefited with privatisation policy. (Calva: 2003) accepts that, in Costa Rica four company privatise and reported that increasing 9 percentages of GDP in 1998.this means that shares of GDP reduce deficit in GDP. Another evidence which (Calva 2003) provided that increase of production in industrial sector, he highlighted that Russian and Mexico is among of countries achieved in by privatisation. The above example provided, demonstrate for neoliberals ideology of privatisation had positive aspects in economic sector. Different with neoliberals perspectives, realist theories highlighted that competitiveness and privatisation is not a solution for social well being on broad around the world. Bayliss (2005) agreed that, in developing countries, privatisation, in common with the wider neo-liberal policy agenda, has failed to meet expectations. Privatisation efforts have been undermined by various factors, including weak political commitment, poor investor supply response and institutional challenges. He emphasis that since the late 1990s, the language of privatisation has softened (as, for example, private sector participation has replaced privatisation). In additional to that, realism scholars argues that globalisation has not succeeded to promote market economy in world market. It gears an inequality of market between North and South. Stiglitz agrees there is disproportionate share of benefits, at the expense of the developing worlds. Therefore a consequence of this situation consequence was some poorest countries in the world turn into worse off. Private investment sector is useful in socio economic especially for countries that lacks of capital, including piece of equipments and expertise. Stiglitz (2006:) accepts that, for privatisation policy of world economy to meet the demand for their skill labour increase, and wages of unskilled labour become higher he emphasized that if labour moves from a country where productivity and wages are low to one where they are high, the increase in out put can be enormous and worlds economy grows. The Marxist perspectives, argues that privatisation is related with capital accumulation. Dunn 2006 agrees that private capitalist accumulate capital by making investment decisions within logic of profit maximization. He emphasizes that privatisation in capitalist counties dont directly interfere in investments decisions or in the market, but rather provide legitimation and order, using its power primary to guarantee external defense and internal peace consistence with the institutions of private property, therefore they emphasizes that globalisation serves an interest maximisation of profit inter of capital trans-nationalisation and intercontinental trade other than ideology. For Marxist discipline, globalisation relates with expansion of capital accumulation and should be profitable the working class Hossein (2005) agrees that for many Marxist in recent decades, capitalism is key its nature a globally expanding system geared to accumulation on a world scale. To some extent Marxist believe that ideology of competition between capitalist countries facilitate currently instability for the world capitalist economy. 3.0: Critics of Globalisation, Privatisation and trans-nationalisation. This paper has assessed the privatisation and trans-nationalisation idea of neoliberals facilitate socio economic world. Policy of privatisation to large extent the development helps to increase job creation, trade competition and rational choice for consumer. Yet it features some challenges. As I illustrated in the beginning, trans-nationalisation of capital is kind of hegemonic capitalist system, this is more appropriate part of global political economy in capitalist production and finance. This reflects the rising domination of transnational cooperation (TNC) of having hegemonic actors (North part) in world economy. Roboson 2004 agrees that, there is evidence that a transnational class is gaining hegemony over local- and national-based capitalists including the spread of TNCs, increase in foreign direct investment (FDI), cross border mergers and acquisitions, transnational interlocked directorships, and strategic alliances. This situation changes stability of classes forces that has completed likely that attack on unions. For neoliberals structural Adjustments policies is appropriate and its implementation but in reality the application of Shock therapy implementation of SAP in Africa and other areas resulted in increase in economic shock and other abjection results Protozos 2004 agreed that over 15 years of IMF / World Bank management of Tanzanias economy saw its per capital GDP drop from $ 309 to $ 210 and rate of abject poverty jumped to 51 percent of the population. Moreover the Implementation of SAP are forced as condition for loans, hence the repayments of loans affects budget of the developing countries. In addition Protozons argue that SAP structural Adjustment Programme are imposed renegotiating debts, and on condition that the receipts country accepts privatisation, capital market liberalisation, market based pricing and reduction in subsidies for public services such as water, food and utilities. This has therefore resulted was disintegration of their economies and hence catastrophic for developing countries. Competiveness of trade is myth to increase sustainable of true competitiveness. Unfortunately, this major reason that leads to divergences and differences between North and South. Hirst 2009 agrees that, the emerging market economies might threaten the competitive position of the traditional developed countries of the North, which in countries is threatened by cheap goods and labour, the growth of South cheap goods and labour which one of aspects hinder trade competition. Indeed Curtis 2005 argues that in Pakistan increasing foreign competition in fisheries a sector is edging 300,000 local fisher folk out of market. This evaluate that private company distorted local market since local companies does not compete due to different obstacles. Private investment sector was usual to consequence in job formation. In reality restructuring has been accompanied with retrenchments. Stiglitz (2006) accepts that, privatisation policy failed to meet commitments to world economy to many development countries around the world when they liberalized so fast that the private sector did not have time to respond and create new jobs, or when interest rates were so high that the private sector could not affords to make the investments necessary to create new jobs. There fore unemployment rate increases in economic system. 4. Conclusion. In conclusion this paper argues on that globalisation and privatisation and trans-nationalisation in world economy. To a great degree, privatisation helps to facilitate and improves in different sectors management job opportunities socio and economic development growth in North side rather then South side. Above of the mentioned challenges / critics and other factors may cause that implementation of globalisation and tarns-nationalisation and privatisation be uneven. Moreover, the concept of globalisation exhibits affirmative forms of thought, including economic effectiveness, wellbeing and democracy. For neo-liberalism ideology of privatisation is away cut off hegemonic power between North and South which exist, yet the process seem failed to meet its commitments. Furthermore, the elementary strategy of neoliberal is focusing on rising freedom both political and economic aspects. The practice and performance of neoliberal ideology has been reliable every where in the world. Privatisation in developing countries is universal with the wide neoliberals strategy programme has failed to meet expectation. (Curtis 2005) accepts that, In South Africa, water privatisation has meant that half of million people were cut off non payment of their water bills during of their water bills during a three month period in 2001 out break of cholera has been also been reported as families resort to drawing water pollution rivers. In this regards, the policy move emerged in response to apparent failures in the public sector particular in Sub Sahara Africa. Finally, I have drawn the conclusion, why neoliberal thought of globalisation through free trade policy not working? And what can be done in order to make globalisation run for more people. In my view damaged by different factors, together with weak political obligation, underprivileged investor supply response and institutional challenges. However there is tendency of TNCs exercise several strategies to reduce their declared income in developing country including transfer pricing and be liable to move most of declared profits elsewhere of the host country. On top on that, developing countries should provide sufficient data for foreign investors; hence it helps more promoted achievement. In developing countries, privatisation can place substantial demands on an already stretched and destabilized public sector, both in terms of functioning and rule of the privatised enterprises. Therefore manufacturing sector productivity is smaller and low-income economies due, in part, to an amalgamation of hi-tech dependence What do poor countries require to perform to reap the utmost benefit from globalisation? For my view that, developed countries should to reduce boundaries against import of African products. Public Sectors including provision of water, education and health might be clearly excluded from privatisation. Poor countries have to have right of entry to substantial special action to look after their frail economies from foreign competition. Developed countries should implements the Article 66 of TRIPS2 agreement, which requires developed countries to make available incentives encouraging transfer of technology. In addition to that, industrial countries should implement well article 22, 23, and 24 Howard 2009 agrees that, article 22,23,24 allow government to protect good name of product from certain regions in their countries, this helps developing countries to have a property of use of trade mark and geographical protection for produce a specific commodities. Last but not least a major aspect for implementation of privatisation is political stability. Ajay 2001 argue that, Good governance and accountability and trustworthy and independency of national institutions is very crucial condition for growth. To summarise, state should play its role well, where market failure and international developments agencies try to equalized and avoided to implements globalisation and other policies by dominants of unilaterally or us hegemony.

Differences in the Education Quality That Students Receive Due to Techn

Differences in the Education Quality That Students Receive Due to Technology: Wealthy Private Schools vs. Inner City Schools Technology in schools is becoming increasingly more important. Computers in the classroom have become not only a learning aid, but also a necessity for the educational process. However, computers, Internet access, televisions, and other such technological advancements cost money, a lot of money. President's Panel on Educational Technology recommends that the government spend anywhere from six to twenty-eight billion dollars each year on an ambitious program of computer infrastructure development (both hardware and software), teacher training, and research (Johnson, 2000). In spite of the necessity of technology in schools, many children are being deprived of this basic need. Most of the children that aren’t getting these advances are children who live in inner city areas. The budget for inner city schools is drastically lower than the budget than a suburban school or private institution. This affects the way students learn and eventually the way the enter today’s work force. Technology in schools has advanced tremendous amounts in an incredibly short time span. Just a little over a decade ago, schools were just jumping on new â€Å"computer in the classroom† bandwagon. So-called ‘good’ schools would have anywhere from one to twenty computers, only some with Internet access. Now, as we enter the turn of the twenty-first century, it would be difficult to find a school without a computer with Internet access in every classroom. Between September 1984 and September 1997 alone, the number of computers in America's K-12 schools increased eleven fold to more than 8 million units The use of computers h... ...learning; opportunties for change. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum. Golba, A. (n.d.). How does education in urban schools compare to suburban schools?. Retrieved Apr. 11, 2005, from http://www.iusb.edu/~journal/1998/Paper5.html. Johnson, Kirk A. Do Computers in the Classroom Boost Academic Achievement? 14 June 2000. Heritage Foundation. 5 May 2004 . Wulf, S. (1997). What makes a good school teach our children well?. , , 62-93. Hartland, F. (n.d.). Retrieved Apr. 11, 2005, from http://www.isoc.org/inet96/proceedings/c2/c2_1.html. Stevenson, H. J. (2004). Teachers informal collabortaion regarding technology. Journal of Research or Technology in Education, 37(2), 129. Peterson, C. L. (2004). Online compared to face to face teacher preparation for learning standards based planning skills. , 36(4), 345.

Return to Paradise Essay

Return to Paradise Return to Paradise is a film that has a lot of meanings within the story line. But also has many ethical issues among the morals that are in today’s society. Three ethical issues in the film are capital punishment, drug use, and media treatment. Capital punishment is an ethical issue because it is highly opinionated. Some people believe that people shouldn’t have to die to pay for their crime, while others believe that death is the best way to pay for what they’ve done as a consequence. This makes an argument that if someone has killed another human, should they be killed too? It makes it hard in different countries as their laws may be different and death penalties can really occur and happen. Drug use is also an ethical issue because they believe they aren’t harming anyone and a majority of the drug users want illicit drugs to be legalised. A lot of today’s society argues that the drug users affect more than just themselves such us driving under the influence of drugs, can lead to other innocent people into serious injuries or death in a crash. Media treatment is another ethical issue in the film; this is because M.J Major wanted the story to get out so bad it was more important than Lewis’s life. This is an ethical issue because the media have the rights to tell the story to the public but in a bit to try save Lewis’s life instead of just telling the story. In the start of the film, Sheriff was completely an individual and his worldview was all about himself and what he wanted to do; what is best for him. Sheriff was also a pleasure seeker and really only cared for the wellbeing of himself. For example, when Tony, Sheriff and Lewis were riding a bike they borrowed and crashed it, Lewis wanted it to return it to the owner but sheriff didn’t want to get into trouble and threw the bike away. Also Sheriff left all the hash they had in a bin outside of the house where Lewis stayed and the cops found out about that and bike. When Sheriff found out that Lewis was in prison, he definitely didn’t want to go back, he thought about spending 3-6 years in prison for someone else and didn’t want it. Sheriff then fell in love with Beth. After he found out that Beth was Lewis’s sister, he realised what he wanted and knew his mistakes, with this his worldview changed. In court he confessed to all the crimes that had been put on Lewis, taking responsibility for his actions really was a change of person. Sheriff had  developed a humanistic world view and also a Christian view on life. He believed at the end that every life was worth just as much as his own, and that everyone deserves to live and have the same rights. Throughout the film in the plot and themes, the film promotes and encourages Christian values and ethics. The film shows and promotes these values and ethics through the character of Sheriff. At the start of the movie, Sheriff was a selfish and individual person, but towards the end of the movie he became a loving and caring person, thinking of others and not about himself. It is a noticeable change when he just starts thinking of others. To show the Christian values, they promote them through Sheriff about helping and thinking of others, compassion and that everyone’s life is worth as much as your own. This is also shown when Sheriff stops thinking of the wellbeing of himself and really tries to help Lewis. Sheriff was willing to give up a bit of his life to save Lewis’s life. Sheriff shows human value by going back to Malaysia and not leaving with Tony, he also fell in love and Beth became a big part in showing him the right way. Just before Lewis died Sheriff was showing great compassion to Lewis making sure he knew he wasn’t alone and everyone was there for him.

Why is it difficult to define a “new social movement”?

When one thinks of â€Å"new social movements† (NSM's) it is fair to say that a number of images may spring into peoples' minds. To some, Swampy chaining himself to a tree will automatically be imagined, for others, they may think of the anti-globalisation protests in Seattle or on the streets of London. The fact is that both of these ideas come under this broad title and it is for that reason that it can de difficult to define exactly what is meant by an NSM. This essay will attempt to address why NSM's have come into existence, which sections of society choose to become involved and how these groups operate. Having done this, the essay will then attempt to show why defining an NSM is problematic. It is fair to say that most people who choose to participate in NSM's do so because they feel that conventional politics does not or has not dealt with the issues that they feel are important. It is, therefore, the aim of the NSM's to highlight these issues and bring them to the attention of either the politicians or the general public in the hope that government policy will adopt a different strategy. It has been said that â€Å"one repeated motif in the discussion of new social movements is the view that they are, in contrast to older movements, primarily social or cultural in nature and only secondary, if at all, political. † (Scott, 1990:16). What Alan Scott is saying here is that the main ideas behind social movements are the attempts to change the way society exist as a whole and not necessarily the way people view their politics. Being part of a social movement is not just a way of thinking; it is a belief in a certain ideal that transcends all aspects of your life. In this way, it can be said that NSM's are expressive in their views as opposed to political parties, who are instrumental. An NSM is not necessarily motivated by achieving a pre-set goal but by the belief itself. This is one reason that can explain why members or ‘adherents' of social movements are fully prepared to make self-sacrifices, such as imprisonment, for their cause. One important ramification of this is that the adherents to social movements are prepared to step outside the law to achieve their goals. This creates a very serious dilemma for governments because if people are prepared to act illegally then the threat of legal action will not act as a deterrent. In other words, if people have a strong enough will then in the end, there is nothing to stop them. As Russell Dalton and Manfred Kuechler wrote â€Å"the new social movement approach claims that many NSM's intentionally remain outside the institutionalized framework of government. † (Dalton et al. , 1990:14). The NSM's prefer to remain in this position to avoid being forced to compromise their goals. What this suggests is that NSM's actively promote criminal behaviour and rationalize it by saying that it is for a good cause. However, in a survey conducted by Alan Marsh in 1977, it was found that 55 per cent of the people questioned believed that â€Å"it is justified to break the law to protest about something you feel may be very unjust or harmful. † (Byrne, 1997:4). Although these activities are illegal, the majority of people are prepared to act as such anyway. This illustrates the complications that arise when one tries to define NSM's. On the one hand, you could say that they choose to be troublemakers, committing crimes and illegal protests, but on the other hand, you see that in fact a substantial proportion of the population shares their views on the appropriate course of action. A major difficulty with trying to define NSM's is to distinguish with what exactly we are dealing. What is meant by this is what sort or group of people or section of society do we class as a new social movement? For example, we would class feminists and green activists as social movements but this also leads to difficulty in defining what an NSM actually is. In terms of ideology, feminists and green activists have little in common yet they would both fall into the category of NSM's. A very extreme example of this is the Al' Queida terrorist network and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). These two groups could not be more different if they tried but to a certain extent they can both be classed as social movements. On the one hand, you have the CND, an organisation at the heart of the Peace Movement, whose â€Å"supporters have employed tactics which extend from serious academic work on the probable effects of nuclear warfare, to mass demonstrations, and to a wide variety of non-violent direct action. † (Byrne, 1997:11). On the other hand, you have the Al' Queida terrorist network, the alliance responsible for the September 11th attack upon New York's World Trade Centre and the Pentagon. This group is responsible for the deaths of thousands of innocent people – the CND, however, call for an end to weapons of mass destruction. How then can you class the Al' Queida terrorist network as a social movement? Its members are willing to step outside the conventional channels to achieve their goals. They are prepared to fight and die for their cause as long as by their death they have advanced towards their end goal – the destruction of the US. The Al' Queida is one extreme example of how an NSM can be described as irrational and unreasonable. Their adherents are not motivated by self-interest but by their unbreakable belief in the cause. They also seem to think that they are justified in breaking the law or ignoring any kind of conventional methods. Here we can see how defining a NSM can be made difficult. The spectrum when it comes to social movements is so diversified that it leads to problems in terms of what can and cannot be included. It is difficult to comprehend that two such different groups can be classified under the same heading. The Al' Queida terrorist network is, to a certain extent, an example of how NSM's choose to exist in terms of their structure. The Al' Queida exists with more recognizable members, such as Osama Bin Laden, but the fact remains that if he were to be captured or killed then that would have little effect on the remainder of the group. The adherents will still believe in their cause and they will still do all they can to realize their vision. Of course, this is a very extreme example of a NSM and when we look at more mainstream groups the structure is less militant but the basic ideas remain the same. On a whole, NSM's attempt to avoid the hierarchical approach of the conventional political parties and instead choose to opt for a more co-operative system. The CND is actually an example of how a structured organisation can exist within the informally organized Peace Movement. It is difficult to describe the structure of an NSM as even the word ‘structure' suggests some kind of organisation. Referring to NSM's as groups also causes problems as this suggests that there would be some kind of hierarchy when in fact, as Brand et al. suggest â€Å"New social movement theorists maintain that these groups prefer a decentralized, open, and democratic structure that is more in tune with the participatory tendencies of their supporters. † (Dalton et al. , 1990:13). It is clear that NSM's choose to steer away from creating any formal structure as to avoid becoming the political parties that they are attempting to influence. The structure of NSM's has strong links with their ideology. NSM's are inclined to believe more in a co-operative society where every person has his or her own personal space in which they have the right to exist and the right to choose how they wish to live their lives. This means that NSM's have no leaders as such due to the adherents wish to maintain a sense of autonomy. To many adherents of social movements it is important for them as individuals to maintain their rights to exist as they see fitting. The idea of autonomy is of great importance when trying to discuss NSM's and the fact that they demand various aspects of this autonomy adds weight to the arguments for difficulty with definition. The first aspect is personal autonomy. The idea that adherents have the social ‘space' to grow as individuals and develop their own views and ideas, as opposed to being limited by constraints placed upon them by society. An example of this sort of autonomy can be found when we look at the Women's movement of the early seventies. Here women were not only fighting for their sex as a whole but for their own personal right to equality within the male dominated system. The Women's movement is also a good example of the second aspect of autonomy: that of group autonomy. Here we can consider the issue of abortion and the rights of women. This issue can be evaluated on both levels: personal and as a group. On a personal level, the efforts of the movement mean that the choice is there and whichever path is chosen is not dictated by anyone other than the parties involved. The women's movement fought for the rights of all women to choose whether or not to have abortions so that no matter what background you come from or what religion you are, every woman has the right to choose. The third aspect of autonomy is described as the ‘autonomy of struggle', which is to say â€Å"the insistence that the movement and those it represents be allowed to fight their own corner without interference from other movements, and without subordinating their demands to other external priorities. † (Scott, 1990:20). We now see that this issue of autonomy is very important to NSM's. A social movement sees itself through its own rights and the rights of its adherents to live their lives in a certain fashion. This leads on to the idea of a social movement helping people to define themselves in terms of their place in society. This is prime example of how adherents differ to members of conventional political parties. A Conservative does not really have to make any concessions upon his or her lifestyle in order to be a member of the Conservative party but being an environmentalist is about a change in how one acts in general. What this illustrates is the argument that NSM's do not necessarily take action towards political reform but in fact towards social reform. One of the main elements that makes defining NSM's so difficult is who makes up the adherents of these movements. Over the last thirty years, there has been an increase in the so-called new politics but can this all being attributed to the uprising of the student movement or are the adherents far more diversified? As has already been mentioned, different people have different views on what they consider to be an NSM. Are we supposed to believe that all adherents are in fact longhaired, unwashed students who have nothing better to do with their time that form squatter camps and disrupt building work? The classical approach to NSM's suggests that most adherents turn to social movements due to relative deprivation. The idea that they are somehow incapable of participating in conventional politics so they choose NSM's as an alternative. However, when classicalists looked at the type of people involved in the civil rights movement in the US during the fifties and sixties, they found that it was not only the alienated black population that was involved but also the white middle class. The theory of ‘resource mobilization' was put forward as an alternative to the classical theory. Here, the authors of the theory believed that participation in NSM's was to do with resources. What ‘resources' mean is the availability of finances, office space and other intangible assets such as time and education. It suggests that there has been an evolution of the middle class to include people such as teachers and lecturers who have created a class not through economic wealth but through their knowledge and intelligence. The typical adherent to NSM's is far from the image of a tree-hugging extremist but is, in fact, a member of this new middle class, a technocrat. What are the reasons behind this? That is a hard question to answer but Ronald Inglehart suggested the theory of ‘post-materialism'. â€Å"Inglehart argues that the post-war generation have been socialized into such higher order or ‘post-material' values, and its this which motivates their support for social movements. † (Byrne, 1997:55). Here, the argument is that the people who choose to become involved in NSM's are those who feel that they have achieved all the material possessions that they can and are therefore, looking for some other kind of personal fulfillment. This theory holds a number of flaws, for example, how can Inglehart be sure that people would choose to become involved in social movements instead of charity work in their quest for personal fulfillment? Another problem arises when you try to quantify the level of material wealth that constitutes satisfaction and at which point the person decides to give up the search for more money. However, the fact remains that it has become more apparent over the years that it is this new middle class that is the typical adherents to the NSM's but it has not become clear why it is this group. The fact is that these new social movements choose to exist outside the conventional channels of politics. They do not have the same structure as the mainstream political parties as they are not supposed to be as such. They are an ideology that is followed through choice and lead to more extreme measures than usual politics to the extent that adherents make a lifestyle decision. The difficulty in defining NSM's comes from all aspects of their existence. The title of a social movement covers such a diverse range of beliefs and ideas that any kind of set rules will ultimately fail as no statement can be truly all-inclusive. Neither would NSM's want to be able to be defined as it goes against all the ideals for which they stand – the ideals of a hierarchy free alliance where the emphasis is on co-operation and not leadership. This statement itself causes problems, as it is a sweeping generalization of the group of social movements as a whole. The difficulties of defining new social movements appear because of the fact that no two movements or beliefs are exactly the same.